Decision Support Systems Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Choice Support Systems - Term Paper Example In any case, significantly following a half year, a considerable lot of the 2,000,000 individuals made destitute despite everything need and are sitting tight for the backings (Oxfam New Zealand, n.d). Pakistan as often as possible encounters catastrophic events bringing about overwhelming losses of life and riches. The seismic hazard is substantial in many significant Pakistani urban communities like Karachi, Rawalpindi, and Islamabad. Poor developments and absence of construction regulations requirement lead to encourage loss of human life. Further, changes in demography and atmosphere could prompt more harms (Pakistan 2005 Earthquake, n.d, 24) Choice Support Systems: Considering the degree of the obliteration brought about by the seismic tremor in Pakistan and the chance of its reoccurrence later on, it is important that specific procedure ought to be conceived to lessen the destructive impacts of these normal disasters. Here are a portion of the means proposed for the concerned specialists to consider. Recognizing the hazard: It has been discovered before that there are more noteworthy odds of the spots around the quake influenced territory encountering the tremors of the earth shake. Seismological observing exists in pretty much every nation except it ought to be modernized. After the ongoing tremor endeavors ought to be made to make new seismic hazard examination in Pakistan. A joined evaluation of the expected hazard to human lives, foundation, and the economy ought to be made. The experts in the regions inclined to the seismic tremors ought to be made mindful of these dangers and educated to carefully adhere to the development rules. Later on advancement plan, the regions of the seismic tremor ought to be indicated plainly. Additionally, there ought not exclusively be the seismic account machines, however there ought to likewise be early admonition frameworks. The accomplished researcher ought to intently screen these frameworks. The hour of caution before the real event of the fiasco ought to be long enough for the legislature to take preventive activities like the expulsion of individuals from the territory of the expected debacle. These early admonition frameworks ought to be kept up appropriately and every now and then ought to be checked for the consistency (Pakistan 2005 Earthquake, n.d, 25) Reacting to the Earthquake: A national calamity methodology ought to be made and actualized. At the hour of catastrophe, there ought to be close coordination between the national specialists and the neighborhood specialists. After the catastrophe, the neighborhood network is commonly the specialist on call. Subsequently local people in the catastrophe inclined territories ought to be given the preparation to handle the crisis circumstances. They ought to be prepared to secure themselves and furthermore ensure others (Pakistan 2005 Earthquake, n.d, 24). The neighborhood specialists likewise ought to be made equipped enough and prepared to face such crisis circumstances. The NGOs ought to be urged to engage in the crisis, at the most punctual. The nearby network, the NGOs, the neighborhood specialists and the national specialists, all ought to be made to work couple without making superfluous problems in the crisis circumstance. Â

Odysseus Essay

Odysseus Essay Odysseus Essay Classifications Characters Setting Goal (What are they attempting to accomplish?) Obstructions (What keeps them from accomplishing Response (How would they react to take care of issues they face?) Consequence (How does this experience change them as people as well as a gathering?) Odysseus (What does Odysseus do? What do his activities uncover about the sort of Book 9 Polychemus Book 10 Circe,Eurylochus Place that is known for the Cyclopes They objective was to escape from Polychemus’s cavern and come back to Ithaca Circe’s island Book 12 Sirens,Scylla,Charybdis,Euryloch us Island of the Sun Book 21 Penlope,Telemachus Book 22 Antinous,Athena Ithaca Ithaca Getaway from Circe and Escape from the ocean beasts and return to Ithaca come back to Ithaca Win the challenge for Penelope’s hand To execute all the admirers Polychemus catch Odysseus and his men in his cavern Circe Transform Odysseus men into pigs Charybdis Scylla and Zeus crush Odysseus’s transport The admirers don’t let Odysseus to take an interest in the challenge Antinous and the admirers need to slaughter Odysseus Odysseus and his men left Polychemus visually impaired and escape by stowing away in rams Odysseus deceived Circe and afterward murder her Odysseus advise his men to put wax Odysseus sends an in they ears so they can’t listen the bolt straight through alarms sing the hatchet heads Odysseus gets a bolt through his throat and afterward cleaved all the others admirers Most of the men in the gathering kick the bucket now they realize that they have a cunning chief All the men are thankful that Odysseus return and spare them taking a chance with his own life Now Odysseus is along in his long Now Odysseus is more excursion near recuperate his previous lifestyle The entire family is joined once more Telemachus ,Penelope and Odysseus Odysseus

Some reminders before we close for the holiday season COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog

Some reminders before we close for the holiday season COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog I hope everyone is enjoying their December. In our part of the world, were marking the month by celebrating several holidaysHanukkah, Christmas, Kwanzaa and New Years, to name a few. With that said, our office will be closed at various times in the coming days: December 23, 2015 at 2:00 p.m. until  December 28, 2015 at 9:00 a.m. December 30, 2015 at 2:00 p.m. until  January 4, 2016 at 9:00 a.m. You may notice that our office is closed right before the Fall 2016 application deadline with fellowship consideration (Jan. 5!!!). Which means we wont be available to answer most of your last-minute inquiries about the application. So I encourage all candidates to review their application materials thoroughly, check their email inboxes (and spam folders) for any recent communications from us, and of course, browse the blog for relevant content which addresses major application questions. To get you started, here are 10  blog posts thatll be helpful: 3 things every recommender should know 4 Tips for Letters of Recommendation 6 Quick-and-Dirty Tips For An Outstanding Admissions Essay A Quantitative/Language Resume Breakdown Eloy’s Top 12 Application Questions How NOT to write your personal statement How to answer the Fall 2016 short essay What I wish I knew as an international applicant What’s with the GRE/GMAT and TOEFL/IELTS? When you’ll receive your admission decision And dont forget to make sure ALL of your application materials are received by the deadline. I cannot stress it enough the importance of submitting a completed application for admission. Even missing a single document can make you ineligible for admission to SIPA. So please, contact your recommenders and remind them of the deadline, confirm with ETS that your scores were delivered to our office, and review your Status Page for any discrepancies. Then, read this blog post that outlines the nuances with the Status Page, which can be tricky. You can review all requirements here. If you have any last-minute concerns prior to the fellowship deadline, as always send us an email at sipa_admission@columbia.edu with your full name,  application reference number, and a descriptive subject line so we may review your account in a timely manner. Just keep in mind that it may take us a little longer to respond to your inquiry, as we receive A LOT of emails during this time of year. Once thats all squared away,  take some time to relax this month and recharge before you submit your applicationthat small break may be just what you need before you take a final glance at your essay responses. And,  if you havent already,  watch this  video, which may just re-inspire you  as to why youre applying to SIPA in the first place. (Come on, I know some of you have  doubted yourselves at least once throughout the application process.) Lastly, no matter where you are in the world, I wish you a very happy holiday season!

The Unsolved Case of the Long Island Serial Killer

Oak Beach, Long Island is a small, semi-secluded community located 35 miles from Manhattan on the eastern end of the barrier island called Jones Beach Island. It is part of the town of Babylon in Suffolk County, New York. The residents of Oak Beach are wealthy by most standards. The average home with a view of the water is priced at around $700,000 to $1.5 million for a home on the water. The crime rate is minuscule, at least until May 2010 when Shannon Gilbert, a 24-year-old  escort advertising on Craigslist disappeared after running from a clients home in Oak Bridge. According to Gilberts client Joseph Brewer, the young escort began to fall apart while at his home. Suffering from bipolar and reportedly not taking her medication, Gilbert called 9-1-1 from Brewers home and talked for over 20 minutes. At one point she told the 9-1-1 operator, theyre trying to kill   me. Brewer later told the police that he was unable to calm Gilbert down and asked her driver, Michael Pak, to help get her out of the house. Gilbert ended up fleeing both men and began knocking on nearby neighbors doors, screaming and pleading for help. The police were called, but when they arrived Gilbert had vanished into the night. Where she disappeared to remained a mystery for over a year. A Discovery by Chance On December 10, 2010, police detective John Mallia was training his cadaver police dog when he discovered a burlap sack buried down in the marshes of Gilgo Beach. Inside the sac were the skeletal remains of a woman, but it was not Shannon Gilbert. A search of the area turned up four more skeletal remains in December. From March through May 2011, detectives from Nassau County, Suffolk County, and the New York State Police returned to the area and worked together to search for more victims. They discovered the remains of six more victims, including the body of a small toddler girl. All of the remains were found approximately a mile apart and about five miles from where the other victims that were found in December. Long Island Serial Killer The news media was quick label the killer as the Long Island Serial Killer and the police agreed that they likely had a serial killer in the area. In June 2011, investigators offered a reward of $25,000   (up from $5,000) in exchange for information that would lead to the arrest of the person responsible. On a map, the locations of the victims remains, some just partial remains, are like dots scattered along the Ocean Parkway that leads to Jones Beach. Up close it was a macabre scene as detectives dug through the thick bramble that covered the marsh. When they finished they had the partial remains of eight female victims, one male victim dressed as a woman, and the toddler. It was not until a year later, on December 13, 2011, that the remains of Shannon Gilbert would be found in the same area. Victims Advertised Escort Service Through Craigslist Police later reported that all of the victims appeared to be sex workers who advertised their services on Craigslist. They suspect that the toddler was the child of one of the women. At first, believing that the area had become a dumping ground for a pair of serial killers, the investigators later retracted that statement, saying instead that it was the work of one killer. Investigators do not believe that Shannon Gilbert was killed by the serial killer, but by natural causes, after she became disoriented and lost in the marsh. They believe that she most likely drowned. Her mother does agree, particularly since Shannon was found face up, which is unusual for drowning victims The First Victims That Were Identified Maureen Brainard-Barnes, 25, of Norwich, Connecticut, was last seen on July 9, 2007, after leaving Norwich to go to New York City. Maureen worked as an escort and advertised on Craigslist. She was a small woman, only four feet eleven inches tall and one hundred five pounds. She got into the escort business because she needed money to pay for her home. Once she caught up on her mortgage she left the sex industry for seven months but returned to it after receiving an eviction notice. Her remains were found during the December 2010 search. Melissa Barthelemy, 24, of Erie County, New York, was last seen on July 10, 2009. Melissa worked as an escort and advertised on Craigslist. Her last known activity was on July 10 when she met up with a client, made a bank deposit of $900 into her account. She then called an old boyfriend, but he did not answer. After a week that she went missing and for five consecutive weeks after that, her young sister received phone calls from someone using Melissas cell phone. The sister described the anonymous caller as   vulgar, mocking and insulting and she suspects the caller was the person who killed her sister. Megan Waterman, 22, of South Portland, Maine, disappeared on June 6, 2010, after advertising her escort services on Craigslist. Megan was staying at a motel in Hauppauge, New York, which is located 15 miles from Gilgo Beach. Her remains were discovered in December 2010. Amber Lynn Costello, 27, of North Babylon, New York, went missing on September 2, 2010. North Babylon is located just 10 miles north of Gilgo Beach. Amber was a heroin user and a sex worker. On the night that she vanished, she had received several calls from a client offering to pay her $1,500 for her services. Her sister, Kimberly Overstreet, also a sex worker at one time, reportedly said in 2012, that she would continue to use Craigslist in the same manner as her sister, in an effort to catch her sisters killer. Jessica Taylor, 20, from Manhattan, vanished in July 2003. It was known that Jessica had worked in New York and Washinton D.C. as a sex worker. On July 26, 2003, her partial remains were found in Manorville, New York, which is located about 45 miles east of Gilgo Beach. Her nude chopped up torso was found and the head and hands were missing. On March 29, 2011, her skull, hands, and a forearm were found at Gilgo and identified through DNA.   Unidentified Victims Jane Doe No. 6: The right foot, both hands, and a human skull, were found on April 4, 2011. The rest of the unidentified victims remains were found in the same area where Jessica Taylors partial remains were found in Manorville, New York. Investigators believe that Jane Doe No. 6 was probably a sex worker. Police believe the same person is responsible for the death of both of the victims. Similar methods were used to dispose and disperse the womens remains. Police released a composite sketch of Jane Doe No. 6. She was between the ages of 18 and 35 and was around five feet, two inches tall. John Doe: The remains of a young Asian male, between the ages of 17 and 23, were discovered on April 4 at Gilgo Beach. It appeared that he had been dead for five to 10 years. The cause of death was blunt-force trauma. Investigators believe he may have worked in the sex industry. At the time of his death, he was wearing womens clothing. A composite sketch of the victim was released. Police say that he was around five foot, six inches and he was missing four teeth. Baby Doe: Located around 250 feet from Jane Doe No. 6, investigators discovered the remains of a female toddler between the ages of 16 and 24 months old. DNA tests determined that the toddlers mother was Jane Doe No. 3, whose remains were found 10 miles east, near Jones Beach State Park. It was reported that she was non-Caucasian and was wearing earrings and a necklace at the time that she was murdered. Peaches and Jane Doe No 3: On April 11, 2011, Nassau County police found the dismembered skeletal remains in Jone Beach State Park. The remains were stuffed inside of a plastic bag. The victim was named Jane Doe No 3. On June 28, 1997, the dismembered torso of a young Black female was found in Lakeview at Hempstead Lake State Park. The torso was discovered inside a green plastic container which had been dumped next to the road that ran alongside the west side of the lake. The victim had a tattoo of a peach shaped ​like a heart that had a bite out of it and there were  two teardrops on her left breast. DNA analysis identified that Peaches and Jane Doe No 3 were the same person and that she was the mother of Baby Doe. Jane Doe No. 7: Located near Tobay Beach, a human skull and several teeth were found on April 11, 2011. DNA testing showed that these remains belonged to the same person whose severed legs had been found on Fire Island on April 20, 1996.

The Theme of Leadership Portrayed in The Odyssey and the...

Built-in qualities such as intelligence, good looks, height and so on are not necessary to become a good leader. Anyone can cultivate the proper leadership qualities. In order to excel in their leadership a good leader must possess qualities such as self awareness, courage, confidence, innovation, fairness, openness, and dedication among others. Odysseus in The Odyssey, and Samuel, Saul and David in the Books of Samuel, display these characters. However, at some occasions they fail to do so. That is to say, leaders, being it great or small, chosen by God or people, are not completely perfect. Self-awareness is one of the leadership qualities portrayed in The Odyssey and the Books of Samuel. Odysseus possesses this quality. Several times†¦show more content†¦He shows he is weak and not ready to lead. (1 Samuel 9:21). Saul even hides when he is supposed to show himself to the Israelites as the chosen King (1 Samuel 11: 22). Although Saul knows that he cannot lead, he has no choice, he has to follow the Lord’s order. At last, God realizes that Saul was indeed not a leader-type person and chooses another person. God must have known that people are not forced to be leaders, but they themselves should be aware of the ability to be leaders. Confidence is another trait a leader should possess. Both Odysseus in The Odyssey and David in the Books of Samuel demonstrate this quality. They have belief in their abilities to meet most challenges that come their way. Odysseus never believes a person initially, being it mortal or immortal. He always likes to be done in his way. Odysseus believes in himself rather than anybody else. He wants to figure what to do for himself and not someone else do it for him. For instance, he argues with Calypso and Ino because Odysseus did not believe them initially, but wanted things to be done his way (Book 5, line 180 line 370). Moreover, David, another God-chosen King of Israelites, shows confidence when he tells Saul that though he (David) is young, he can fight the giant Philistine warrior, Goliath (1Samuel 17:32-37). However, David confidence is from the fact that God is on his side and will not let him down. Courage is also needed in a leadership. This quality is portrayed in TheShow MoreRelatedMarketing Mistakes and Successes175322 Words   |  702 PagesEDITOR George Hoffman Lise Johnson Carissa Doshi Dorothy Sinclair Matt Winslow Amy Scholz Carly DeCandia Alana Filipovich Jeof Vita Arthur Medina Allison Morris This book was set in 10/12 New Caledonia by Aptara ®, Inc. and printed and bound by Courier/Westford. The cover was printed by Courier/Westford. This book is printed on acid-free paper. Copyright  © 2009, 2006, 2004, 2001, 1998, 1995, 1992, 1989, 1986, 1981, 1976 John Wiley Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this publicationRead MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 PagesOne Lake Street, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458, or you may fax your request to 201-236-3290. Many of the designations by manufacturers and sellers to distinguish their products are claimed as trademarks. Where those designations appear in this book, and the publisher was aware of a trademark claim, the designations have been printed in initial caps or all caps. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Robbins, Stephen P. Organizational behavior / Stephen P. Robbins, Timothy A. JudgeRead MoreDeveloping Management Skills404131 Words   |  1617 PagesSuzanne Duda Lead Media Project Manager: Denise Vaughn Full-Service Project Management: Sharon Anderson/BookMasters, Inc. Composition: Integra Software Services Printer/Binder: Edwards Brothers Cover Printer: Coral Graphics Text Font: 10/12 Weidemann-Book Credits and acknowledgments borrowed from other sources and reproduced, with permission, in this textbook appear on appropriate page within text. Copyright  © 2011, 2007, 2005, 2002, 1998 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Prentice Hall, OneRead MoreProject Mgmt296381 Words   |  1186 Pages6.5.2.3 Critical chain method Chapter 9 Chapter 10 Reducing Project Duration Leadership Chapter 2 Organization Strategy and Project Selection 1.4 Projects and programs (.2) 1.4.1 Managing the portfolio 1.4.3 Strategy and projects 2.3 Stakeholders and review boards 12.1 RFP’s and vendor selection (.3.4.5) 11.2.2.6 SWAT analysis 6.5.2.7 Schedule compression 9.4.2.5 Leadership skills G.1 Project leadership 10.1 Stakeholder management Chapter 11 Teams Chapter 3 Organization: Structure

The New Arts Education Plan - 915 Words

With the upcoming addition of our middle school we will be developing a sixth, seventh, and eighth grade arts program consistent with the frameworks of the International Baccalaureate Middle Years Programme. The International Baccalaureate Middle Years Programme requires visual and performing arts for all students and demands much more of students and teachers than our more traditional elementary arts program. We hope to provide an arts-rich school community to all our students. The new arts education plan would continue our focus on developing knowledge about art forms in various contexts, developing the language of art, and learning how to respond to and evaluate art. Within this new arts education plan we also hope to offer a more diverse range of art materials to our students such as ceramics, sculpture, pottery, weaving, metalworking, and stained glass. These new materials would allow our students opportunities to create higher level art, be exposed to portions of art history th at are often forgotten, and work in new ways that were once limited by only creating 2D art. We hope to create this new arts education plan for our new middle school while maintaining a strong elementary arts education program. Drama, music, and visual arts are important parts of our students week. These courses allow our students to learn life skills such as respect, communication, perseverance, problem solving, accountability, and collaboration, while reinforcing and integrating criticalShow MoreRelatedArt Students On Business Skills And Entrepreneurship1695 Words   |  7 Pagesunderstand and analyse the demands of the art students on business skills and entrepreneurship. London, as the world s fashion capital, is the best place to learn the arts and has many top art colleges (Fashion.telegraph.co.uk, 2015). 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Corporate Governance Themes and Variations

Question: Discuss about the Corporate Governance for Themes and Variations. Answer: Introduction A ground breaking booklet of guidelines regarding the operation of organizations and the governance structures in South Africa is the King Report on Corporate Governance (King, 2016). The King committee on cooperate governance issues this report. Till now, four of these reports have been issued, i.e., King I in 1994, King II in 2002, King III in 2009 and King IV in 2016 (Maleszewski, 2017). The following parts compare and contrast between the latest two reports. And based on this, the opinion has been drawn to suggest the improvements which can be made to improve the code of corporate governance, highlighting the key areas which need improvement. Similarities and Differences between King III and King IV Bases Similarities Differences Apply and explain Both followed the approach of apply or explain There is a shift from the approach taken under King III to the one contained in King IV. So, as per the King IV approach, the organizations would have to not only apply these principles, but also explain the measures and its results. Number of Principles The number of principles contained in King III, have been reduced from 75 to 17 in King IV. Remuneration Both these contained the provisions regarding the remuneration policies of the organizations. King IV goes further and addresses this controversial issue in a more concise way, as it ensures that the remuneration of the executive management remains responsible and fair. Independence of directors Even though both the approaches contained this provision, but the manner of the same has been changed. In King III, the approach was to provide a set of criteria for judging the independence of the non-executive directors. In King IV, a list of indicators has been introduced for the same. Enclosed Disclosure Both these contained the requirement of enhanced disclosure. The disclosure requirements introduced through King IV are quite broader in comparison to those of King III. King IV specifies the disclosure in relation to the audit committee, each committee of the governing body, etc. Social and ethics committee There was a common provision social and ethics committee in both the approaches (Myburgh and Costa, 2017). King IV went on a further step and encouraged the formation of a specific committee for this (Myburgh and Costa, 2017). Improvements to Code for Corporate Governance through King IV King III provided with a strong foundation for the corporate governance of the world-class level. Even though King IV does not entirely depart from the principles and ethos underlying in King III, it does represent a development in both content, as well as, approach to the King Code in a manner of framing the corporate governance. Hence, the organizations that were following King III would not face many issues in following King IV (Institute of Directors, 2016). King IV raised the bar upon the implementation and shifted the focus on disclosures and outcomes. This new code was a positive step forward due to its outcomes-based and principles-based and it also considers the realities and challenges which are faced by the business at the present time. King IV bettered the shortfalls of King III and a key example of this is the notion of apply and explain. Under King III the organizations were called to apply or explain but under King IV, the organizations are required to explain the manner in which they have applied the principles. This ensures that the corporate governance is not seen as mindless compliance but something which bears the results when approached in a careful manner, and when the due consideration is given to the situation being faced by the organization (Institute of Directors, 2016). The approach has changed from rules based to outcome and principle based. And the corporate governance is now concerned with ethical behavior, mindset, attitude and leadership. So, the focus is targeted and is on transparency due to the properly considered disclosure requirements. In line with the international developments, the remuneration now receives greater importance. There is also a new emphasis over the responsibilities, as well as, the roles of the stakeholders. King IV also recognizes the information in isolation of technology as an asset of corporate governance as it is a part of the stock of intellectual capital of the company, and it also confirms the requirement of the governance structure so as to enhance and protect this very asset (Deloitte, 2017). The underpinning philosophies of King IV include integrated thinking and sustainable development. Even though these concepts were there in King III, but with King IV, an emphasis has been laid down on their interconnectedness. The objective of King IV is to promote corporate governance as a vital part of running the companies and in delivering the governance outcomes for instance, legitimacy, effective control, good performance and ethical culture. The principles of corporate governance given under King IV had made it fit for implementation and accessible across the different organization types and a range of sectors (Coppenhagen and Naidoo, 2017). King IV has reinforced corporate governance as an interrelated and holistic set of arrangements which have to be implemented and understood in an integrated manner, and has also encouraged meaningful and transparent reporting to the stakeholders. Due to King IV, the current corporate governance has changed not only with its process and structure, but also with the conduct and ethical consciousness. It also links the responsible corporate citizenship to the responsibility of the governing body, do as to make sure that the tax policy of the organization is both transparent and responsible and also takes in account the repercussions to the reputation (EY, 2016). Areas of Improvement Even though King IV has brought forward a bold and revolutionary set of code for corporate governance, yet is has failed to address certain key areas relating to this issue. There was a missed opportunity by the King IV code regarding directing the boards in South Africa to focus specifically over the issues of governance which would help the directors in a practical manner for their outgoing activities, in addition to ensuring the ongoing compliance with the Companies Act 2008s provisions (Levenstein, 2017). There have been various noble principles in King IV but what is missing, are the specific guidelines which were present in King III. In the approach taken up by King IV, these guidelines have been lost in the mind-shift change. In the transition from King III to King IV, the opportunity to build on, as well as, to highlight the obligations of the directors, regarding making certain the value and financial preservation of the entity has been lost (Levenstein, 2017). For instance, a great care was taken to make an emphasis over the obligations which the directors had in King III as per the terms of the Companies Act 2008 regarding consideration the business rescue proceedings or the other turnaround mechanisms upon the corporation becoming distressed financially. These codes were placed earlier so as to counter the possible liabilities arising on part of the directors trading in the company under insolvent situations. The directions given in King III were very helpful and ensured that the troubled organizations were in a position to elevate the prospective of these organizations being rescued, along with retaining of jobs and a viable entity being brought back in the economy of South Africa (Levenstein, 2017). Hence, there is a need to include these provisions, so as to improve the code of corporate governance. This would ensure that the spirit of such codes is met, and the shortfalls are dealt with accordingly. Conclusion To sum up this discussion, King III was quite a power packed code for corporate governance, but to improve upon its shortfalls, King IV was introduced. This was a remarkable improvement from the earlier codes and introduced options like apply and explain, which have brought a reform to the corporate governance codes. Though, some of the key points, which worked for the benefit of King III, like the guidelines, are missing from King IV. Hence, there are still areas of improvement needed for these codes. References Coppenhagen, V.V., and Naidoo, S. (2017) South Africa: The South African King IV Report On Corporate Governance: Themes And Variations. [Online] Mondaq. Available from: https://www.mondaq.com/southafrica/x/565808/Shareholders/The+South+African+King+IV+Report+On+Corporate+Governance+Themes+And+Variations [Accessed on: 16/03/17] Deloitte. (2017) King IV: Bolder Than Ever. [Online] Deloitte. Available from: https://www2.deloitte.com/za/en/pages/africa-centre-for-corporate-governance/articles/kingiv-report-on-corporate-governance.html# [Accessed on: 16/03/17] (2016) Are you ready to implement King IVTM?. [Online] EY. Available from: https://www.ey.com/Publication/vwLUAssets/ey-governance-with-king-iv-2016/$FILE/ey-governance-with-king-iv-2016.pdf [Accessed on: 16/03/17] Institute of Directors. (2016) Report on Corporate Governance for South Africa. [Online] Institute of Directors. Available from: https://c.ymcdn.com/sites/www.iodsa.co.za/resource/resmgr/king_iv/King_IV_Report/IoDSA_King_IV_Report_-_WebVe.pdf [Accessed on: 16/03/17] King, M. (2016) The Chief Value Officer: Accountants Can Save the Planet. Saltaire, UK: Greenleaf Publishing. Levenstein, E. (2017) King IV misses chance to focus on governance issues. [Online] Business Day. Available from: https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/opinion/2017-03-01-king-iv-misses-chance-to-focus-on-governance-issues/ [Accessed on: 16/03/17] Maleszewski, J. (2017) Corporate Governance Spotlight The King Reports. [Online] TCIIA News L Ine. Available from: https://chapters.theiia.org/tallahassee/News/ChapterDocuments/TCIIA_Newsline.pdf [Accessed on: 16/03/17] Myburgh, F., and Costa, A.D. (2017) The key differences between King III and King IV. [Online] Polity. Available from: https://www.polity.org.za/article/the-key-differences-between-king-iii-and-king-iv-2017-01-11 [Accessed on: 16/03/17]

Stoicism And Epicureanism Essay Example For Students

Stoicism And Epicureanism Essay With their philosophical roots grounded in ancient Greece, Stoicism and Epicureanism had contrary yet significant impacts on Roman society. These two philosophies differed in many of their basic theories. Stoics attempted to reach a moral level where they had freedom from passion, while Epicureans strove for pleasure and avoided all types of pain. Stoics like the Epicureans, emphasized ethics as the main field of knowledge, but they also developed theories of logic and natural science to support their ethical doctrines. Epicurus, the founder of Epicureanism, saw death as a total extinction with no afterlife to ensue, he regarded the universe as infinite and eternal and as consisting only of space and atoms; where the soul or mind is constructed of indestructible parts that can never be destroyed. He sought to free humanity from the fear of death and of the gods, which he considered the main cause of unhappiness. We will write a custom essay on Stoicism And Epicureanism specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Lucretius, a famous Epicurean poet, took a stand against the superstitions and fears that the Romans had toward the state religion. He claimed that religion and the fear of gods was what caused unhappiness. Lucretius wrote a story where the Greek princess Iphigeneia was killed by her father Agamemnon, with the hope that he could win the favor of the gods by sacrificing his own daughter. In this case religion stood with all that power for wickedness . . .too many times /religion mothers crime and wickedness; (Lucretius 452). The Romans at that time saw themselves as laying foully groveling on earth, weighed down /by grim religion looming from the skies, threatening mortal men;(Lucretius 451). Epicureanism offered some Roman people something that they could seek in order to escape the fears of the gods and religion in general. Epicureans physics was atomistic; meaning that the entire universe merely consisted of atoms and the space or void in which the atoms floated, collided, and whirled about. Lucretius wrote that not all bodily matter is tightly packed /by natures law, for theres a void in things. By void I mean vacant and empty space, /something you cannot touch; (Lucretius 456). For if the universe were comprised of only matter, then nothing would ever move, because it is the nature of matter to remain immobile until acted upon by an outside force. Without the open space, or void, nothing could have been made or brought to life. Epicureans held then that there were only two forms in the entire universe, matter, and void; and both had to exist only in their own entirety in complete absence of the other. This led Lucretius to write where space exists, or what we call the void, /matter cannot be found; what substance holds /void cannot occupy . . . therefore atoms are solid and voidless . . . and if ther e is a void, it has to be surrounded by solid material; (Lucretius 458). This was one of the essential theories of Epicurean belief. With this fundamental background of the universe, Lucretius could then convince the Roman people that gods did not create the universe, or even run their lives, but that the matter and void controlled the universe.Lucretius held firm with the belief that fear and superstitions of the gods were the main causes of unhappiness. His characterization of the universe as an accidental collection of atoms moving in the void, and his insistence that the soul is not a distinct, immaterial entity but a chance combination of atoms that does not survive the body, and also his postulation of purely natural causes for earthly phenomena are all calculated to prove that the world is not directed by the divine agency and that fear of the supernatural is consequently without reasonable foundation. He wrote that our starting-point shall be this principle: /nothing at all is ever born from nothing /by the gods will; (Lucretius 453). He opposed the public idea that the gods had created the universe, and t hat they were the reason for the things that happened to the people on earth. Lucretius did not deny the existence of gods, but he conceived of them as having no concern with the affairs or destiny of mortals. Many Epicureans began to believe much of Epicurus principles; that atoms themselves, since they are absent of all void, must be everlasting. Were this not true of matter, long ago /everything would have crumbled into nothing /and things we see today have been restored /from nothing; I have proved /nothing can be created out of nothing. /Also, that nothing can be brought to nothing; (Lucretius 459). Since nothing can ever be brought to nothing no visible object dies; /nature from one thing brings another forth, and out of death new life is born; (Lucretius 456). This idea of regeneration means that whenever something dies, it helps to create life in another organism. Although an object is dead, the atoms that the object was composed of are still alive, but not in the form or ap pearance of the original object. Objects might be resolved to their basic atoms /but never are they utterly destroyed; (Lucretius 454). With the concept that atoms composed the universe and therefore gods had no say in their daily lives, Epicureans lived their lives without the fear of an afterlife. Lucretius defied the Roman government and state religion with his principle that fear of death caused people to commit acts that they would not normally commit. He maintained that there was no life after death, and that people should not worry about death. He professed that:The fear of Acheron (Hades) /must, first and foremost, be dismissed; this fear /troubles the life of man from its lowest depths, /stains everything with deaths black darkness, leaves /no pleasure pure and clear; it drives a man /to violate honor, or to break the bonds /of friendship, and, in general, overthrow /all of the decencies. Men have betrayed /their country or their parents, desperate /to avoid the realms of A cheron. (Lucretius 460-1) If the fear of dying and the fear of being punished in hell were eliminated, then death /is nothing to us, has to relevance /to our condition, seeing that the mind /is mortal; (Lucretius 466). Although Epicureans were taught not to worry about or fear death, it is still the nature of humans to stay alive for as long as possible. Lucretius wrote how sweet it is, /to watch, from land, the danger of another, /not that to see some other person suffer /brings great enjoyment, but the sweetness lies /in watching evils you yourself are free from; (Lucretius 464). Even though they would rather watch someone else in peril rather than themselves, they still realized that if you keep living on /for centuries, if you never die at all, /whats in it for you but the same old story /always, and always; (Lucretius 469)? They knew that death was inevitable, but they still wanted to have pleasure for as long as they could. This theory was completely opposite that of the Stoic s. .u34ab27c3e7480930592199f92b807c76 , .u34ab27c3e7480930592199f92b807c76 .postImageUrl , .u34ab27c3e7480930592199f92b807c76 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u34ab27c3e7480930592199f92b807c76 , .u34ab27c3e7480930592199f92b807c76:hover , .u34ab27c3e7480930592199f92b807c76:visited , .u34ab27c3e7480930592199f92b807c76:active { border:0!important; } .u34ab27c3e7480930592199f92b807c76 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u34ab27c3e7480930592199f92b807c76 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u34ab27c3e7480930592199f92b807c76:active , .u34ab27c3e7480930592199f92b807c76:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u34ab27c3e7480930592199f92b807c76 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u34ab27c3e7480930592199f92b807c76 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u34ab27c3e7480930592199f92b807c76 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u34ab27c3e7480930592199f92b807c76 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u34ab27c3e7480930592199f92b807c76:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u34ab27c3e7480930592199f92b807c76 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u34ab27c3e7480930592199f92b807c76 .u34ab27c3e7480930592199f92b807c76-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u34ab27c3e7480930592199f92b807c76:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Forensic psychology EssayStoics, like the Roman emperor Marcus Aurelius Antoninus, based their lives on the fact that it is better to suffer wrong than to do wrong. They believed in a universal brotherhood through reason without revelation, and an ethic duty based on their own self-discipline and without hope of reward or fear of punishment in another world. Stoics were known for their extreme sense of duty and their indifference to all pleasures. The Stoic ethical teaching, originated by the Greek philosopher Zeno, is based upon two principles; first, that the universe is governed by absolute law, which admits of no exceptions, and second, that the essential nature of hum ans is reason. Both are summed up in the famous Stoic proverb, Live according to nature. This means, in the first place, that men should conform themselves to nature in the wider sense, that is, to the laws of the universe, and secondly, that they should conform their actions to nature in the narrower sense, to their own essential nature, reason. These two expressions mean, for the Stoics, the same thing. Stoics held that living according to nature or reason is living in conformity with the divine order of the universe. This Stoic view was fundamental to the theory of natural law that powerfully affected Roman jurisprudence. Marcus Aurelius believed that nature was the center of all things. He wrote, o nature from you are all things, in you are all things, to you all things return; (Aurelius 512). They lived according to nature, not concerning themselves with many of the worries that other Romans were experiencing. Stoics were typically very tough and determined people, they stood up to emperors and accepted death rather than take part in anything they regarded as wrong. Aurelius wrote that, no man can hinder you from living according to the reason of your own nature: nothing will happen to you contrary to the reason of the universal nature; (Aurelius 512). Therefore, if they stood up for what they believed, then the person could either kill them or allow them to do what they believed was right. Either way would comply with the reason of the universal nature.; Stoics, like Epicureans aimed for happiness, not in pleasure, but in wisdom. A wisdom by which to control what lies within human power to accept with dignified resignation what had to be. They could not, and did not want to control the events of their lives, but they could control the attitudes that they had toward them. Socrates was a model of Stoic thought when as he was sentenced to death, he said, the difficulty my friends, is not to avoid death, but to avoid unrighteousness; for that runs faster than death; (Plato 311). Aurelius held that since it is possible that you may depart from life this very moment, direct every act and thought accordingly; (Aurelius 520). They lived their lives in a carpe diem; type lifestyle; where they lived for the present, neither for the past nor for the future, making the best of every day that they lived. The Stoics had a great sense of duty, which was the result of their desire to always do what was virtuous. They believed that a man should always have two rules in readiness; one, to do only what the reason of the ruling faculty may suggest, the other, to change his opinion, if there is any one at hand who sets him right and moves him from any opinion; (Aurelius 513). Stoics followed the orders that they were given unless those orders went against their beliefs. They did not always think that their way was the best way, in some situations someone else might know better what to d o, and in those situations Stoics often changed their opinion. Aurelius wrote in his Thoughts,; If you work at that which is before you . . . expecting nothing, fearing nothing, but satisfied with your present activity according to nature, and with heroic truth in every word and sound which you utter, you will live happy; (Aurelius 514). This perfectly describes the Stoic lifestyle; do what you have to do without any expectations or fears of what is to come, and do it with integrity, then life is happiness. The Stoic and Epicurean philosophies both made major impacts on all of Greek and Roman thought, although they were very different. Epicureans solely endeavored to obtain pleasure. They also believed that the world was filled solely of atoms and the void in which they are surrounded. They thought that life ended after death, with no afterlife or god to fear. Stoics on the contrary were indifferent to all types of pleasure, often putting themselves in danger for their beliefs. Stoi cs lived according to nature claiming that it was in conformity with the divine order of the universe. Epicurean philosophy defined the time in which it was created, where life was thought only to be full of pleasure without any fear punishment in any life after death, while Stoic philosophy went against the normal desires of humans to seek pleasure.

Joseph Conrads Heart of Darkness essays

Joseph Conrads Heart of Darkness essays In Joseph Conrad's novel, "Heart of Darkness," we can easily see how the environment can have a negative impact on an individual's mental health. By examining the character of Kurtz, we can see how easily this occurs. We are told by Marlow that Kurtz is "gifted" (Conrad 1902 p. 294) and when Kurtz arrived in the jungle, his "sympathies were in the right place" (p. 295). However, after years of living in an elevated state above the natives, he began to lose his respect for life as well as his sanity. The natives worshipped him and he had the "power to charm and frighten rudimentary souls into an aggravated witch-dance in his honor" (p. 296). This illustrates how he began to actually believe he was as great as the natives thought he was. This inflated self opinion was the beginning of In addition, Kurtz was only interested in obtaining more ivory. We read that after years of living alone, he "wandered alone far in the depths of the forest" (p. 301). In addition, he would "disappear for weeks; forget himself amongst the people" (p. 302) to hunt for more ivory. This illustrates how he became more isolated from people, which also attributed Eventually, Kurtz lost his ability to reason because he was obsessed with ivory and because he was alone more and more. In fact, Kurtz threatened to shoot his dearest friend if he did not give Kurtz his ivory. We are told that Kurtz "declared he would shoot me unless I gave him the ivory and then cleared out of the country, because he could do so . . . and there was nothing on earth to prevent him from killing whom he jolly well pleased" (p. 301). Additionally, Kurtz kept a collection of shrunken heads on stakes near his house. (p. 303) We are told that these heads "only showed that Mr. Kurtz lacked restraint in the gratification of his various lusts" (p. 303). This demonstrates Kurtz's complete lack of respect for ...

Philosophy 3 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Philosophy 3 - Essay Example As a function of approaching the issue from such a perspective, this student hopes to expound upon the overall suitability of Kantian morality and provide a well balanced approach to determining the inherent strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats that should an approach would necessarily espouse. In the Kantian approach to ethics and morality, the ultimate identifier of a â€Å"good action† is one that is performed out of duty; with no other ulterior motive being present as a means of rewarding or punishing the individual performing the action. Although Kant was not the first individual to support such an approach to morality and ethics, he was the first that has been known to record such an approach and pass it along as a moral code of ethics that, as he argues, should be applied universally. This universality of Kantian morality is one of the hallmarks of such an approach that ultimately makes it unique among the other forms of ethical and moral approaches that have thus far been studied. This universality is born out of an understanding that the main guiding precept that defines goodness is duty. Therefore, the duty, as Kant describes it is not necessarily born out of an imprint of Godliness upon he hearts of mankind; rather, it is born out of the universality of reason in helping to develop moral and ethical approaches to the many situations that greet the individual within his/her daily life (Lachapelle 2005, p. 608). It should of course be noted that Kant never sought to distance God and/or his influence upon morality from his approach. Instead, Kantian morality and ethics take the approach that God is exhibited through reason and rationality and therefore is present within the duties that ultimately lead an individual to perform a moral act for the sake of duty itself. As a means to further this moral approach, Kant argues that the â€Å"good of humanity† in and of itself is sufficient enough a cause for

Bubbles on the South Sea Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Bubbles on the South Sea - Essay Example According to a website "The bubble is usually followed by a sudden drop in prices known as crash". This is a significant drop in the total value of a market, almost undoubtedly to the popping of a bubble, creating a situation wherein the majority of investors are trying to flee the market at the same time and consequently incurring massive losses. And terribly affects everyone. The inevitable crash came and the strain proved to much to many joint stock companies. The immediate cause was the activities of the South Sea Company. It had been formed to engage in trading in the South Seas, but it also has engaged in the funding of the national debt in return for monopolistic privileges. The bad repute of this joint stock companies had led to the passage of the Bubble Act for the regulation of companies in the main attempt to prevent panic. Bubble Act declared that only companies formed by charter or by a private act of parliament were legal. The South Sea Company was reasonably successful. It was chartered by the government for trade in South America and South Sea. The relationship between the government and the company created confidence and high expectations. In the history, they were given the monopoly of trading in the Pacific Ocean and along the coast of South America, made an offer to the government to pay off the whole National Debt and to buy up the irredeemable annuities, according to Melville amounting of "800,000 a year, provided the different public securities were consolidated into one fund in their hands and the government gave the company certain exclusive commercial privileges". In spite of the limited privileges conceded to it in the Asiento by Spain, been highly successful in the slave trade. This means according to (Colliers Encyclopedia) "that they have the right for 30 years to supply Spanish-America colonies with 4,800 slaves annually and to send to Porto Bello and Vera Cruz a trading ship of 500 t ons a year". A negotiation being settled with the South Sea Company. This right was handed over the company which underwrote the English national debt, on a promise of 5% from the government. The most question was whether the fund-holders would convert their stock for shares in the company, for they could not compelled to do so. According to (Caleb W.)" The brilliant prospects held out by the directors of the gold and silver lands awaiting exploitation in South America, crowded into the rush for shares." Its shares immediately rose to 10x their value from 110 rose to 1000, speculation ran wild and all sorts of joint stock companies, fraudulent or merely optimistic were formed. Its price soared within a few weeks, people realized that it was greatly overpriced and prices fell. Thousands were financially ruined. The South Sea Prosecution of some of those concern served to open the eyes of the public to the recklessness of its own scheme, and its shares dropped with the result that few sold out enormous profits, the majority of those who hold on were ruined and result of financial disaster. The Bubble had burst, ruining thousands of families. The disaster happened in South Sea Bubble almost wealthy persons in the kingdom had become members of the government to involved in manipulating of the company. Robert Walpole un his time did much to restore national credit. According to (Caleb, W) " he makes arrangement and assign 9 million which

Customer Loyalty in the Restaurant Industry: Nandos

Customer Loyalty in the Restaurant Industry: Nandos Topic: How customer loyalty can be increased in the restaurant industry? The case of Nandos. Why customer loyalty is important? What Nandos is doing and how it can be better develop? Loyalty marketing, loyalty programs, how to manage it? Techniques? Benefits? Problems? Conclusion. Loyalty Marketing: Definitions Of Customer Loyalty The main change concerns in the organization of marketing activities are certainly one of the more remarkable doctrines marketing. The concept of traditional marketing put at the centre of its priorities the creation of a preference for the service, the needs and desires of consumers. The marketing approach, as observed in the theory and practice in recent years focused more on the notion of exchange and the relationship is the focus of analysis. More recent approaches of marketing focus on the customer and make the quality of the relationship the key to loyalty. Indeed, a quality relationship inhibits choice and represses the effect of preferences. Thus, the relationship with the client becomes a primary concern managerial and academic. The market-oriented generates necessary behaviours to create superior value delivered to customers (Kohli and Jaworski 1990) and place the interests of the client first (Deshpande et al. 1993) for a continue satisfaction, permanent, which undergone constant refinement. This satisfaction is no longer about the only service provided by the company, but includes elements of the relationship, such as trust and commitment. For this, we seek an ongoing relationship and oriented in the long term in the context of a relationship marketing (Dwyer, Schurr et Oh 1987, Sheth et Parvatiyar 1994) and in this context that develops loyalty policies (Dawkins and Reichheld 1990). Kyner and Jacoby (1973) define loyalty as follows: Loyalty is defined as a behavioural response bias because non-random (not spontaneous) expressed over time by an entity decision, finding one or several brands taken in an overall, according to a decision process.† In this definition, loyalty requires: A repeat purchase behaviour resulting from several background variables and complement each other; A positive attitude of consumers that must be controlled or directed. This attitude reveals a favourable perception towards the brand, service, differentiating it to the loyalty from routine behaviour. For others loyalty rooted quality and delivered on the positive gap between perceived expectations and post-purchase evaluation. For Shapiro and Varian (1999) loyalty is to the consumer when efforts to change brand, product or supplier are too large to expect a significant gain change. The authors of this school of thought attempt to explain loyalty by exit barriers that prevent a kind of free choice of the client (a client may be considered faithful to a company only because it has characteristics of geographical proximity). Another school of thought on the loyalty is that which gave birth to the management of customer relationship management (CRM) with the emergence of ideas of Life Time Value. It aims to analyze the lifetime value of its current contribution but also on the basis of its potential to better allocate the resources of the company. It is now for an analysis in terms of portfolio of clients (each client has a value for the company that can be measured by the margin gen erated). Customer loyalty can be defined as the tendency of a customer to choose one company or product/service over another for a particular need. Customer/s can be described as being brand loyal because they tend to choose a certain brand of product more often than others. Customer loyalty is evident when it is the customers who make choices and take actions. Customer may express high satisfaction levels in a survey with a product or company, but there is a big difference between satisfaction and loyalty (Kumar (2008). Loyalty is shown by the actions of the customer, who can be satisfied and still not be loyal. The satisfaction with the product is ultimately a condition for loyalty. In fact, satisfaction is necessary for loyalty but not sufficient. It is true that the satisfaction is not only based on the product and service but also the relationship with the staff. Satisfaction towards the product concerns intrinsic attributes: quality, features, design, durability, benefit. Ultimately, th e quality-price emerges as a global assessment. The service specifically covers guaranteed delivery, solving problems and handling complaints. It introduced the relational aspects of accessibility, courtesy, competence and communication. Experience has shown that the first reason why customers leave a company with whom they do business, is that they do not feel that their needs are important to the company, and vice versa for the remaining loyal to the company for a long time, they feel valued and important. This perception and feeling to be considered is the emotional bridge between customer satisfaction and customer loyalty (Ghaury and Cateora 2006). Companies use a series of programs as relationship marketing, Database marketing, permission marketing or customer relationship management (CRM). Loyalty has a direct effect on sales of a company, and even better on its profits. However, the increased level of loyalty stems directly from the attitude and behaviour staff to clients. Motivation staff is the most powerful vector loyalty which itself contributes to profits. Meanwhile, business processes influence largely on how the staff behave with customers. It is in the interest of the company to develop a long-term relationship with clients where both parties benefit each other. It is much less costly for the company to keep its existing customers than to seek new ones. The scale of customer loyalty has 5 types of customers starting with: Suspect: A suspect is someone who comes across the companies promotion. They are a potential suspect for the company. Prospect: If the person is interested in the promotion they become a potential prospect. Customers: A customer is someone who purchases either the product or service. Clients: Clients are those who come back to the company. Advocates: Promotes the business on the companys behalf. They are so happy about the product/service that they tell others. (http://www.learnmarketing.net/ladder.htm Accessed on 02/08/2009) Marketing And Loyalty There are many definitions of marketing applying to loyalty programs. Several of them have focused these objectives in view of the value of the customer more profitable for the company. Today, programs and loyalty cards are found everywhere on standard credit cards, restaurants, etc Loyalty programs are widespread in all sectors that deliver goods or services used. They rely on marketing databases built from information from the loyalty cards that identify the client and record information about its behaviour. Their rules often refer to the use of methods from the traditional promotional techniques, encouraging consumers to increase and sustain their purchases in order to obtain a reward. In this context, they can be distinguished from the sales promotion of their defensive focus to longer term. The objective of the promotion is offensive, and when it stops, there is nothing that prevents consumers to come back to their old habits (Ehrenberg et al. 1994). In contrast, a loyalty progr am seeks to preserve market share by locking consumers through tangible benefits deferred (promotional techniques) or intangible (individualization, privileges, etc) and acts somewhat like a permanent promotion in the long term. The effectiveness of a loyalty program thus depends on its characteristics and tangible benefits but also intangible, that is to say, the expected value of the potential relationship that is likely to generate and develop. The consumer joining a loyalty program seeks, in making their purchases at shopkeepers, obtaining dividends, gifts. The trader in investing in this program seeks to seduce and imprison the consumer. This method, better known as retention, is actually a rather simple technique by which the consumer is faced with the efforts invested in the bonus points and is losing everything in case of abandonment of the program. A loyalty program is a relationship between the customer and the merchant in which, technically, the 2 parties have benefits. I n promoting their businesses, traders undertake several actions to attract customers. For the management of immediate rewards, they offer special discount store. By managing customer loyalty program, they offer rewards delayed. In contrast to the sales promotion where earnings appear at the same time as the cost or effort, this ratio is reversed in the context of delayed rewards, since an individual must first make an effort to more or less long term for earnings in the future. Investigations on human behaviour have shown that some individuals possess a strong motivation to engage in efforts leading to the award of future earnings (Atkinson 1957, Nicholls 1989). It is this aspect that loyalty programs appropriated in the construction of systems with delayed gratification the aim of managing the length of the relationship (retention) and discrimination. (Meyer-Waarden (2002). P. 2-88). Curiously this strong motivation is akin to the quest for a reward. In other words, the effort is motivated by greed. Some experts say that consumer motivation fades over time as more becomes aware that the bonus is spaced in time, the more likely he become discouraged with the efforts required for obtaining the reward. (Meyer-Waarden (2002), P 2-89) Thus, programs must allow consumers to obtain the benefits of the program while also locking in this program. To counter this behavioural aspect, 2 types of programs are offered: proportional and landing. The first principle is to proportionately reward the best customers. The second system encourages them to consume more to reach the next threshold points providing more benefits. Thus, it offers a minimum of points to small unprofitable consumers, maximum points for customers who are very profitable, and few points to very large consumers who buy anyway. (Meyer-Waarden (2002). P. 2-89) Greed is thus increased to obtain a value of gift supported by the consumers effort. The number of points necessary for obtaining a reward is related to the amount invested in the market by the consumer. By cons, consumer choice to join or not this kind of program that demonstrates the lure of gain accessible to long-term investment requires not only money but also time. There are several types of loyalty programs. Some programs offer a specific product free after a number of agreed purchase (coffee, compact disk, etc..) Or reductions applicable on each purchase while the issuers of credit cards offer privileges such as trave l insurance and car insurance during a rental. Some cards also allow a percentage discount or return money. In practice the system of loyalty cards is simple. It is generally sufficient to consumers to use when buying the card issued or accepted by the merchant to qualify for benefits. The card companies also offer credit to their customers bonus points programs. Unlike cards issued by participating merchants, using credit cards leads automatically, no matter where it is used, the accumulation of points and can sometimes match the accumulation of these points to another program loyalty. It is important to mention the strategy department stores growing strongly consumers use their credit cards to earn double the points they would get by paying cash or get loyalty points better at the price of an interest rate up to 28.8%. More specifically, programs that offer frequent flyer points accumulated encourage consumers to use the card as often as possible when making purchases to earn poin ts available for every penny spent, which will be redeemable against products or services available through a catalogue of premium or cons of coupons or discounts available with designated partners. (Benavent. Christopher. and Lars Meyer-Waarden. 2001. Loyalty Programs: Strategies and Practices). Some loyalty card segment their customers by offering them the opportunity to pay an additional fee to join an enhanced program that offers them a better ratio spent pounds / points accumulated. The holders can be considered as incidental to their privileged relationship with the issuer of the card. From the outset, the consumer, by joining the loyalty program, provides data that feed the database of the issuing company. Subsequently, all transactions for which the loyalty card is used by the consumer are stored in this database comes to prepare a record of its habits. The program relies on both the declarative, where the consumer fills out the questionnaire affiliation, but also on buying behaviour, thanks to its history. (Frenove, A.S. Hivet, N. Joly, P and Josquin, C. 2003. Topic: The Ethics of supermarkets). The ultimate goal of these programs, in addition to customer retention is to allow traders to analyze the data collected in order to increase the value of the customers shopping cart. The Concept Of Customer Life Cycle And Types Of Loyalty The Concept Of Customer Life Cycle: One of the key concepts of customer-oriented marketing is the life cycle dynamics of the customer, based on the idea that the flows of revenues and costs vary over time as requirements change in customer / business relations, contrary to the classical analysis and static demand. The first feature of the approach is that it is done individually and not aggregated, underscoring again the importance of marketing database, made possible thanks to the performance of information technology. Another interesting aspect is that the analysis is performed dynamically. The main idea is that the opinion of a client may occur more or less intense, and we can assume that it is forming a cycle. Practically, these cycles represent changes in purchasing power, but also modes, changing preferences, the phenomena of learning and forgetting. These cycles depend on several factors: the first is age. During the aging characteristics of opinion trends, tastes and attitudes can occur. Aging is characterized by a higher loyalty, more conservative, more risk aversion. Another factor is the generation based on the assumption that successive generations have value systems and own beliefs relatively distinct from others. This generation effect partially covers the different types of experiences. This manifests itself in innovative behaviours that vary with the gap between innovation and generation. This management based on cycles of life is clear to solve three problems: acquiring the customer, maintain, expand consumption and profitability. According to Dwyer, Schurr and Oh (1987), in the sense of relationship marketing, the life cycles of the relationship between a brand, product and a consumer have three distinct phases characterized by changes over time the amount used: (1) initialization or acquisition, (2) maturation or development and (3) breaking. The beginning of the cycle is quite understandable and is in customer acquisition, with a time of discovery of the other as a potential partner. Both parties calculate the attraction of the relationship, the costs and benefits of continuing it. Marked by the process of adoption and learning, this phase is characterized by a positive rate of consumption growth, but with high costs. In a second phase, presumably the consumers level of consumption stabilizes after having fully explored the use of the service. The expectations of the relationship and its benefits are confirmed, which leads to a continuation trade and then the notion of commitment, which results in the ignorance of competitive offers. Incomes of the company increase first and then level off as costs decrease. Finally, a third cycle is where a revival / reactivation, retention or separation from the client must be considered because the contribution weakens. The decrease in sales of service may occur at any time or gradual ly, indicating a process of wear or a more brutal, reflecting the substitution phenomena. Indeed, the dissolution occurs when the unmet expectations of increased transaction costs, the weakening of the switching costs of changing needs. Both partners must make a trade off between the benefits and costs brought by the relationship to decide whether or not its continuation. Any company engaged in the marketing approach dynamic client needs to adapt its strategy according to these phases. Three types of strategies should be considered in terms of life cycles that match: The customer acquisition, The loyalty and customer retention, And the augmentation of customer loyalty which represent a real challenge. Abandonment is considered when the costs of retention are higher than income generated by the client. (Abandonment=Costs loyalty > Income generated by the client). Once the company has determined the position of the life cycle by customer segment, it becomes clearly evident that this strategy must lead to an individualized approach to lead to a balanced allocation of resources. The problem is that each individual has a different value each time t for the company, which requires segmentation based on the potential and value of customers. Types Of Loyalty Customer loyalty is the result of well-managed customer retention programs. Before developing these successful programs, its important to know there are two types of loyalty: behavioural loyalty and the emotional loyalty. Behavioural loyalty is the loyalty to a brand demonstrated by repeat sales and responses to marketing campaigns by the customer. He behaves exactly like the company wants, by purchasing good or service. Behavioural loyaltys measures include response rate to direct marketing to the customer base. Emotional loyalty is the loyalty to a brand driven by favourable perceptions, opinions and giving recommendations. The customer feels empathy and attachment to a company or brand and he is willing to recommend it around him. It is better for the company if the customer has the both types of loyalty, but when its not the case specific strategies are developed to achieve both. (Chauffey, Chadwick, Mayer, Johnston (2006)). Benefits Of Efficient Customer Loyalty Management First, a loyal customer will continue its purchases over the years. Its purchase volume should also normally increase simply by economic growth and inflation. It should accept offers for complementary products and additional (Cross-Selling and Up-Selling). In any event, transaction costs should not increase proportionately. Consequently, they will decrease as a percentage of the cost and improve profitability (Kumar (2008)). Finally, a satisfied customer refers an average of 3 customers should in the best case follow the same progression. A study by the Harvard Business School published in the journal of the same name, shows an improvement in the percentage of loyal customers by 5% per year for 5 years to double, not sales, but profits.(CRM Odyssey Inc (2003)www.crmodyssey.com Accessed on the 09/08/2009 Another benefit from customer loyalty is it creates allow to the company to protect its markets from competitors; the more the customer is satisfied, the less he will be to buy to another product or service to the competitors. Automatically barriers are created against the competitors trying to enter in the market(s) (Ghaury and Cateora (2006)). Finally the word of mouth behaviour of loyal customer increase brand awareness. Customer share their positive feelings and experiences with their friends, family or mates when they are loyal to the company or product. They still purchase to the company and recommend it to others. It means a reduction of advertising cost; the money can be used to boost the word of mouth by making strategies to reward loyal customers. Reichheld goes even further in 1996 in his book The effect of loyalty by writing: the benefits of loyal customers are increasing over time and can recruit new consumers at reduced cost by using the legal Customer faithful because it is supposed to be a good speaker for the company.† It also shows in his work as a loyal customer makes purchases more often, he tends to buy for a higher amount and is less sensitive to the variable price. He becomes a captive of the company and therefore gives a kind of barrier to entry for potential competitors. The work of the TARP (Technical Assistance Program Reseach) supports these observations. They show that winning a new customer returns four to five times more expensive than keeping a customer is already active. Jones and Sasser (Jones 1995) focused on the relationship satisfaction / loyalty and showed a sense of satisfaction may not necessarily result fidelity as a loyal customer may nevertheless want to take advantage of a promotion with another supplier, test another product or refer to another offer. By cons, they also show a sense of dissatisfaction may cause disloyalty if dissatisfaction is not taken into account by the company. These gains must obviously be taken with caution because they rely heavily on industries. There is however no doubt that customer retention can benefit a significant leverage effect on profitability. The main reasons are: lower costs for customer acquisition, the net margin updated on the life of the customer to cover these costs; reduced management costs, a loyal customer knows the business better and less prone to use his front office to make purchases (reservations) effect of recommendation; Increased revenue per customer The Cost Of Lost Customers: A defensive marketing is cheaper than an offensive marketing, which often requires a direct confrontation with the competition. The cost of keeping a customer is five times less than the cost of converting a prospect, and it can cost up to sixteen times more to achieve with the new customer, the profitability of a customer acquired. So its the rate of customer retention rate that is essential, and not the attraction. The company must carefully monitor the defection of customers and minimize the amplitude. There are four stages: Define and measure retention. This may be the reuse of the services. Know the different reasons for discontinuation, and identify those which can be remedied. Estimate the lost profit per customer lost. Calculate how much it would reduce defections. Profitability: We have already mentioned the theory of Reichheld and Sasser that a company can improve profitability by 25% to 85% by reducing its rate of defection by 5%. Thus, loyal customers are often more profitable than occasional customers. Specifically, in the service activities and the Business to Business, customers of a company tend to increase their purchase from the company as they know it and appreciate it better. A positive word of mouth: In many cases, loyal customers of a business will spontaneously promote to their surroundings, and become, through word of mouth, very effective recruiters because disinterested and credible. For all these reasons, the loyal customer service of a company is considered a real capital, called the customer capital. Retention and its challenges: This new focus puts the customer and his control in centre of our concerns. Given the incredible proliferation of professional works in the field, it seems essential to discuss strategic issues and objectives of retention, by reviewing customer orientation and loyalty policies to give a definition and a clear positioning of loyalty. The retention strategy: Loyalty, recognized as indispensable goal of any customer relationship strategy, not confined to mere promotional programs: Some rules must be respected. Rule 1: Be selective: Customers do not all contribute equally to the profitability of the company. Therefore, retention should be selectively adapting any loyalty action from an analysis of customer value. Rule 2: Propose an attractive loyalty offer and truly innovative. The loyalty offers are numerous, but not all have the same impact. The company can arbitrate according to its objectives between different options: Immediate benefits often focus on value and price (price preference ); Privileges, providing intangible benefits to customers (priority systems, assistance ); Rewards delayed in time, seeking to establish lasting relationships with customers the most profitable and likely to extend their relationship with the company. Whatever the choice of the selected offer, interest for customers is based on five attributes, determining its overall perceived value: The perceived value of any premium or net worth; Attractiveness; Accessibility through time; The freedom given to the customer in the choice of options; Simplicity of the offer. Rule 3: Anticipating the costs: The need to assess the costs in advance of any approach to loyalty is essential. Too often, a company focused on profits resulting from the proposed strategy, without taking into account the costs generated before and repeatedly. These costs may be related to both the growing number of customers affected, and ways and means of dealing with relationships with clients, sometimes completely new to the company. Rule 4: Consolidate and exploit customer information: The challenges that the company have just highlighted described the need to build its strategy of strong customer loyalty for the company. Two main lines of action are considered: †¢ The opportunity to integrate operational databases (sales / billing, marketing ) in a baseline. †¢ The interest of exploiting every opportunity to contact customers to gather information about them. This database will allow the tracking of the customer relationship over time, and identification of customer profiles profitable and unprofitable, which will determine the choice of targets to retain. Problems Linked To Customer Loyalty Difficulties In Marketing: Obtaining a good efficiency requires a good understanding of customer behaviour and causes of abandonment. One must distinguish the causes of termination which are inevitable (and often unpredictable) from other, more or less predictable and can be combated. The causes are unavoidable, for example: a change of personal or professional lifestyle, financial problems, death Preventable causes are: inadequate tariff, a history of poor service and complaints. The challenge is to build something, based on information often dispersed. In anticipation of the termination for inadequate tariff, must be able to say what was the invoice for each client if they had chosen the optimum rate? How much would he have saved? From what current difference between invoice and optimum bill is there a risk? To anticipate the claims for termination, you must classify all types of call to customer service (there are easily hundreds) and identify those that increase the probability of termination. We must also take account of differences in behaviour related to age, family status, and place of residence and recover to the extent possible this information. Difficulties In Management Retention also poses problems of management, for example the coexistence of a culture of acquisition and a culture of loyalty: In a young market, corporate culture is naturally directed towards the acquisition. This orientation manifests itself in several ways, for example, budgets are allocated primarily to sales, what is important here is the market share of sales. In these circumstances it is difficult to make a place to loyalty because it is cultural opposition on both fronts: its budget is in competition with the acquisition, because what is important here is the retention of customers and not flow of customers. Difficulties In The Organization: When the market is young, the sales should be focused on conquering, the measure of the rate of effectiveness is still difficult, and loyalty is part of the Marketing. Then improving customer knowledge, customer service records terminations, understand the causes, loyalty becomes profitable and worthy of large budgets, customer service becomes legitimate to ensure loyalty. In consumer, all sale actions are public, as far as loyalty is confidential. Loyalty is indeed a clear competitive advantage. It allows to keep or to take market share in all discretion. Confidentiality is necessary for a second reason: do not create perverse behaviour on the part of customers, who know the rules of the game could benefit for future benefits. (Jean Baptiste COUMAU and Henri WIDMER, La Jaune et la Rouge,2002) Rejection Of Customers: The approach of loyalty can lead to bias by virtue of its objectives: there is concern that the benefits accorded to consumers more loyal to the product or service concerned and not the enterprise. There is a risk of great loss of power marketing consent. Moreover, the strong competition leads to a generalization of loyalty operations that can not only cause fatigue but also a rejection of the approach by customers. The multiplicity of material resources such as loyalty cards generalized in various companies in portfolios causes both a reaction to the trivialization of operation for the customer and a loss of power to the business on target. The implementation of a loyalty operation is tricky: the company must choose carefully because the target must be loyal customers, those holders of profits. This targeting is difficult and requires the development of a database of well-informed. This base is also used to monitor quantitatively and qualitatively loyal customers. These are consider ations of costs related to these investments in information that may be a limit. (Fotso Tagne Achille Rostand, La fidelisation client http://www.ougagner.fr/fidelisation.html Accessed on the 09/09/2009) Means And Factors Influencing Loyalty Factors Influencing Loyalty If they are well structured and well implemented, customer loyalty programs cited above can bring measurable benefits to the company that would stand out positively of competition by reducing costs and in the same time increase its income. This situation is favoured by: Attracting new customers; A high retention rate of existing customers for a long period; Increasing the frequency of visits by the existing customers; Increasing expenditure on new and existing customers; Making customers in good conditions so they feel appreciated and satisfied then they promote products or services through word of mouth around them. (Memberson (2008) http://www.memberson.com/Loyalty/CustomerLoyalty.aspx Accessed on 01/08/2009) Some factors are essential to create and maintain the Customer loyalty. Showing 6 success factors that make some companies

Jonathan Swift’s A Modest Proposal Essay -- Literary Analysis

A satire uses irony or sarcasm to make a point. Many authors use satire to bring society’s attention to political, social, or economic problems in a somewhat humorous way. Some authors even use satire in an attempt to correct the religious practices of the society. Satire is an effective way to highlight problems because it is non-threatening but it grabs the attention of the reader. Jonathan Swift wrote his satirical essay â€Å"A Modest Proposal† to bring attention to the political, economic, and social problems of Ireland in 1729. For many years, England, and later the United Kingdom, controlled Ireland. This imperialism started when the Irish king lost part of his kingdom in 1169 and asked for help from the Normans, who were French-speaking people who then controlled England. To thank the Normans for their help, the king of Ireland gave his daughter in marriage to Strongbow, the Norman king. Strongbow then became king over Ireland, and the English have controlled Ireland ever since. It was not until the late fifthteenth and early sixteenth centuries that England started to exercise its full control over Ireland. In gaining control over the island, the English â€Å"drove the Irish leaders from Ireland† (Arthurton). During this time a process called â€Å"plantation† was introduced in Ireland. According to the journal â€Å"Experience England,† to plantation was when â€Å"†¦England took land and property from Catholic Irish landowners and gave them to English settlers who were Prot estant.† This forced the Irish men and women to become tenant farmers for the British landowners, making barely enough money to feed their families (Arthurton). When England had a civil war in the 1640s the Irish Catholics took one side. On the other side was the Protest... ....udel.edu/udireland/news/1_23_english_irish.htm> Chowdhury, Ahsan. "Splenetic Ogres and Heroic Cannibals in Jonathan Swift's A Modest Proposal (1729)." English Studies in Canada 34.2/3 (2008): 131-157. Academic Search Complete. EBSCO. Web. 8 Mar. 2010. Lestringant, Frank. â€Å"Travels in Eucharistia: Formosa and Ireland from George Psalmaanazaar to Jonathan Swift.† Trans. Noah Guynn. Yale French Studies 86(2010) 109-25 Richardson, John. "Swift, A Modest Proposal[/em] and Slavery." Essays in Criticism 51.4 (2001): 404. Academic Search Complete. EBSCO. Web. 8 Mar. 2010. Swift, Jonathan. "A Modest Proposal for Preventing the Children of Poor People in Ireland From Being a Burden to Their Parents or Country, and or Making Them Beneficial to the Public." The Norton Anthology. Eighth Edition. Ed. Greenblatt, Stephen. New York, NY: W. W. Norton & Company, 2006. 1114-1119.

Evaluate the Information Processing Models to Learning, Distingush the Main Features of the Multi-Store Model Essay

The main thrust of this assertion is to give an evaluation of the information processing models to learning and paying particular attention to features of the multi-store model. According to Ashcraft (1994) information processing model is a framework used by cognitive psychologists to explain and describe mental processes. The multi-stores model propounded by Atkinson and Shiffrin(1968) is a classic model of memory, which describes memory in terms of information flowing through a system. However the model is not without flaws, as it possesses weaknesses as show be critically analyzed in this evaluation. The information processing model concentrates on how information from the environment through the senses is processed and utilized by the brain.Schunk(1996) posits that the information processing models are various theoretical perspectives dealing with the sequence and execution of cognitive events, mainly focusing on how people react to environmentalstimuli, encode, store, and retrieve when needed. Thus giving the perspective that learners are active seekers and processers of information. The flow of information primarily can be traced from the environmental stimuli. These are raw facts and figures that we capture from the surrounding using our senses. A stimulus can move from our senses to the short register, when we pay attention to the stimulus, and thus our internal process begins. According to Baron (2001)learning becomes the process of commuting our symbolic representations to memory where there may be processed and the study of learning is primarily through the study of memor y The multi-store model is a classical model of memory which was suggest that memory is made up of a series or stores and information is processed and stored in three stages namely sensory, short term and long term memory. Atkinson and Shiffrin (1968) describes memory in terms of flowing through a system. Information enters the sensory memory through detection environmental stimuli by the sense organs, then through the process of ‘attention’ and ‘perception’ moves to the short-term memory. Through rehearsal the information may be transferred to long term memory, and if not rehearsed it is then lost from short-term through the process of displacement or decayMcLeod,2007) Sensory memory is a brief store of information from the environment,maintaining a duration of a quarter to half of a second(Fieldman,2010) The sensory register picks up all the environmentalstimuli reaching our senses.The capacity of th sensory memory is quite large,although it only lasts for milliseconds, as it holdsinformation associated with the senses.If our working memory is relatively free of work,we might pay attention to the new input and if not, then we would not notice or we quickly forget the new information(Baddeley and Hitch,(1974). The other main feature of this model is the short-term memory,which is a temporary store for a limited amount of information and stores from a duration of 0 to 18 seconds,(Fieldman,2010). In this storage information is encoded mainly as echoic. Baron, (2001) postulates that short-term memory can handle about 7 objects at once, but this can be improved by chunking, which is the grouping of items into chunks and this information can be maintained by rehearsal or association of the information you are trying to remember with already existing knowledge.Therefore the short-term memory becomes vital as this is where consciousness exists and thinking is done. Long term memory is the third main feature of the model,which represents our permanent storehouse of information,and its capacity is unlimited(Ashcraft,1994). There are three categories of long term memory, semantic(for verbal information and meaning), episodic memory(for events) and procedural memory for how to do things. The prospect of information reaching the long term memory according to Driscoll(1994) depends upon the length of the message and familiarity of it with information already stored. The major strength of this model is based on its ability to set a foundation on other studies as memory studies provide evidence to support the distinction between short term and long time. Mcleod (2007) posits that the model is influential as it has generated a lot of research into memory. Furthermore, studies of amnesiacs also supported the essential of this model. This show the relevancy of the information processing model to learning as it is consistant with empirical findings and provides an excellent framework for understanding the principles of effective learning. The information processing model is also blamed for over simplifying facts and does not account for the type of information processed. The working memory is treated as a simple store of memory. This view is contradicted by Baddeley’s(2001) model of working memory which consists of three components, theexecutory loop, and visual spacial sketchpad,with uses which vary from selecting incoming information, determine processing and constructing meaning through inferences and subsequently transfer the processed information to long term or delete it from the memory system altogether.Therefore,despite that, the information processing model provides a conceptual model which explains the different functions and constrains on human memory it fails to recognize that the short term memory and long term are more complex than previously assumed. The interactions between short-term memory and long term memory were under emphasized and do not distinguish between levels in the long term memory,and of essence does not explain how the long term influences short term and sensory memory. Mcleod (2007) viewed the model as a one way or linear with rigid ways of operation, and also argues that rehearsal is too simple to account for the transfer of information. Schraw (2001) articulated that several useful terms have been developed to elaboratecognitive processing especially in working memory, for example the limited cognitive resources and attention resources, which help explain why there are differences between one learner and another.Therefore these and the fact that it is just a model and there is not really a way to prove its true, contributes to the view point that the information processing model has significant. In conclusion, the information processing model gives the three vital stages of information processing, which are greatly regarded in most recent studies as they have provided a framework for understanding principles of effective learning. Therefore despite the great number of flaws the model is quite significant. REFERENCE 1. Ashcraft,M.H (1996), Human Memory and Cognition, Harpercollins College :DIV 2. Atkinson, R. C., and Shiffrin, R. M. (1968). Human memory: A proposed system and its control processes, New York: Academic Press. 3. Baddeley, A .D. and Hitch, G.(1974). Working memory, New York: Academic Press. 4. Baddeley,A.D.(1998).Human Memory,theory and Practice. Boston:Allyn and Bacon 5. Baron, R.A(2001) Psychology, New Delhi:Dorling Kindersley 6. Driscoll, M.P. (1994) Psychology Of Learning For Instruction, Boston:Allyn and Bacon 7. Fieldman,S.R (2010)Understanding Psychology,MacGraw-Hill 8. Schunk, D.H (1996) Learning theories(2nd edition) New Jersey;Merrill 9. http://www.simplypsychology.org/multi-store.html